Peasants' Revolt

By History And Culture Media

2/16/2025

The Peasants' Revolt of 1381: Causes, Events, and Impact

Introduction

The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 remains one of the most significant uprisings in English history. Also known as the Great Revolt, this rebellion was fueled by widespread social and economic discontent among England's lower classes. Led by figures such as Wat Tyler, John Ball, and Jack Straw, the revolt was a response to oppressive taxation, feudal restrictions, and economic hardship.

Causes of the Peasants' Revolt

The revolt was driven by a combination of economic hardship, feudal oppression, and political grievances. The key causes included:

1. The Poll Tax

One of the primary triggers of the revolt was the introduction of the Poll Tax, a flat tax imposed on every adult regardless of income. By 1381, this tax had increased significantly, placing a heavy burden on the lower classes. The unfair taxation system enraged peasants, leading to widespread resistance.

2. Economic Hardships After the Black Death

The Black Death (1347-1351) had drastically reduced England’s population, leading to labor shortages. Peasants demanded higher wages, but the ruling elite imposed the Statute of Labourers (1351), which froze wages and restricted workers’ rights. This caused growing resentment among the working class.

3. Feudal System and Serfdom

Under the feudal system, peasants were bound to their lords and forced to work under harsh conditions. Many sought freedom, but landlords resisted, maintaining their control over serfs. This frustration contributed to the widespread support for rebellion.

4. Corrupt Government and Local Officials

Corruption among tax collectors and local authorities fueled dissatisfaction. Many government officials exploited the tax system for personal gain, increasing tensions between the ruling elite and commoners.

Key Events of the Peasants' Revolt

1. Outbreak of Rebellion (May 1381)

The revolt began in Essex and Kent when local peasants refused to pay the poll tax. They attacked tax collectors, burning official records and buildings. The uprising quickly spread to London.

2. Wat Tyler and the March to London (June 1381)

Under the leadership of Wat Tyler, thousands of rebels marched towards London, demanding an end to serfdom and oppressive taxation. They were joined by radical priest John Ball, who preached against the inequalities of feudalism.

3. Storming of London and the Killing of Simon Sudbury

On June 13, 1381, rebels entered London, destroying properties of the wealthy, including the Savoy Palace of John of Gaunt. They also executed Simon Sudbury, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who was seen as responsible for the poll tax.

4. Meeting with King Richard II and Wat Tyler’s Death

On June 15, 1381, King Richard II met Wat Tyler at Smithfield. During negotiations, Tyler was killed by the king’s men, causing confusion among the rebels. Without their leader, the revolt collapsed, and the king swiftly ordered brutal reprisals.

Aftermath and Impact of the Revolt

Although the Peasants' Revolt was brutally suppressed, it had lasting consequences:

End of the Poll Tax: The unpopular tax was eventually abandoned.
Decline of Serfdom: Although immediate demands were not met, the revolt contributed to the eventual decline of serfdom in England.
Rise of the Common People: The revolt demonstrated the power of the lower classes and set a precedent for future uprisings.
Strengthened Monarchy: Richard II initially promised reforms but later reversed them, strengthening his control.

Conclusion

The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 was a turning point in English history. Though it failed to achieve immediate success, it weakened the feudal system and paved the way for social and economic reforms in England. The revolt remains a powerful symbol of resistance against oppression and injustice.